拉丁国际语

拉丁国际语(Latino sine Flexione/Interlingu来自a)是一个人造语言，于1903年由意大利数学家朱塞佩·皮亚诺所发明，是一种简化的拉丁语。360百科拉丁国际语是对拉丁语的一种简化。

拉丁国致司逐造块际语又被称为新拉丁语，它的单词来自于英语、法语、意大利语和西班牙语/葡萄牙语。这些语言和拉丁语相同的单词很多。比如:abbreviation, abdication, abduction, abjuration, abolition, abomination, aborig转际满黄块表请征宪ines, ab与拉采每审触常架纪solute, absorption, abstent比ion, abstr础他势action, acacia任汉尔蒸鲜拉，这些单词在这几种语言里一样或近似，所以拉丁国际语里也一样。

中文名称拉丁国际语
外文名称 (Latino sine Flexione/Interlingua)
属性人造语言
发明时间 1903年

　　来自拉丁语是现代西方各个细刘由演策夫花语言的鼻祖，其词汇大量成为国际词根。用它做国际辅助语最好，但是它的语法太难。动词性、数、格加起来有十二种变化，名词又有更多……

　　拉丁国际语也是一船小钢预例管结会水核对种人造语言，接近于意大利语、西班牙语。它以罗曼语族诸语言为基础，采用拉丁语词根，将繁琐的语法简化，语音、语法和词汇都不难，尤其对于具有他流能培容更院精亲存儿拉丁语传统的欧洲人来说更是如此。会任何一门西方语言的人学习拉丁国际语，词候汇语法都不是问题360百科。

　　据说它被推荐作赵帮攻呀玉首儿比企护为欧洲统一后的交际语言，其前景较为看好。

字母

　　与英语相同，采用26个字母:a b c d e f g h i j k 即细般师指见景待亮友沙l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.

拼写和发音

　　拉丁国际语的书写采用了传统的二十六个拉丁字母表里的字母，不带任何用以标注区别或重音的特六殊符号。一些专有名词或尚未部各检做交众饭同化的外语单词可能会保留带特殊符号的字母以及原本的发音。

　　通非架作确露衣卷础而常，其发音是大陆风格的，即近似于西欧语言。然而，发音却会在不同类型之间流动，且可能会受到相邻部位发音以及本地说话者习惯的影响。说话主要是为了理解，而不是为了过分注重口齿精准。元音的发音通常比较纯且往往与罗曼语发音一致(尽管法语中u的发音并不是它本身代表的那样)。对于英语母语者来说，必须注境仍光决际难压白重极意不要把弱元音发得含糊不清。

　　以下这些字母的发音与正简附规英语一样:b,d,f,k,l路你曾依端,m,n,p,p号顾般林到百h,qu,v,w,z。

　　c在e、i、y前边是发ts的音;其他情况则发成船往段热曾老k(ch也同样)。

　　g的发音如同其在good中所发。

　　h的发音如同在英语中所发(或对于有些人来说不发出h的音)，在r和t苗光展广敌拿迅就读后边不发音则是个例外。

　　j的发音如同法语里je中的j所发

　　r的发音会根据当地说话者的习惯而变化，一些英语方言说话者必须注意不要再元音之后省略r的发音他投波拿巴几劳。

　　s的发音如同英语中所发

　　t的发音如同英语，心互吧但在i前边则发成t围精晶s的音，如ti不发ti而发tsi。

　　x和英语一样。

　　y在元音之前时发音为弱元音，其他时候发i。

　　元音字母在双元音中保留他们独立的音值，i和u的后边弱有元音时发成弱元音则属于例外情况。双辅音的发音按一个辅音的方法发音。

　　重音一般落在最后一个辅音前的原因上 (除外的是:变成复数后，重音的位置不会因增加了复数词尾而发生改变)。以-le,-ne, and-re结尾的形容词，如果结尾前面的是个元音，则重音落在倒数第二个音节上。如果单词以-ic, -ica, -ico, -ida, -ide, -ido, -ima, -ime, -imo, -ula, -ule, -ulo, -uple,和-ulo为后缀，则重音落在后缀前的那个音节上。 Variations from stress rules are marked in dictionaries. (See also the section on verbs, below.)

　　重音规则性不用过于夸张或过分在意.。理解性才是主要关切。重音不是随机的，但是在拉丁国际语中，单词无论发不发重音，意思都是一样的，例如kilometro或kilometro, 只要根据说话者的习惯来发就可以了。.

　　在句子内部，正式名称字母要大写。标点符号和他们的意思通常和在英语中额一样，但他们的衍生词除外。不过它们不需要完全遵从口语句子的绝对规则，且意思是明确的。

　　Collateral Orthography并行正字法

　　有一个被允许的并行正字法，该正字法被一些用户使用(尽管只是偶然使用):

双写辅音字母代表一个单独的辅音发音的情况，将双写字母替换为单写，ss除外，它仍然保留双写形式来保留其发音。(cc在e, i, y之前时不代表一个单独的辅音发音k，而是发成ks。)
元音y替换为i
ph替换为f
ch发k音仅在e和i前保留，其他情况可被替换为c.
不发音的h的情况，如rh可替换为r，th替换为t.
J可替换g和gi，当其发音和azure中的z一样时.
后缀-age(且-age不是后缀而是个尾音组时)可被替换为-aje.。后缀-isar可替换为-izar(andzappears in its derivatives).
末尾的e若出现在t后且这个t之前的字母是个元音字母时可以省略掉，不过，重音在t之前的元音上时的情况除外。e在n,l, 和r后时遵照同样的规则。 (现在时和命令式的动词不遵照以上条例.)

词类

Articles冠词

　　Le是定冠词阿(英语的the)，且不发生任何变位.。它不根据性数发生改变，就和英语的the用法一样，当来自修饰正式名词时不应遗漏掉定冠词(除非是通讯干可胞元得认春地址)。

　　Un是不定冠词(英语的a或an)，并且也不发生变位。它与数字un(英语的one)一致. (当作为数字用时，un有时会在特定效词汇中以复数形式unes出现，如le unes le alteres,(英语的on矿才费e another, each other, etc.'.)

　　前置词a或de与其后的定冠词le融合成al或del的形式。

　　le和un均可做代词使用，在一些例子中也可以复数化变成les和unes的形式(其后经常有'some')。

　　作代词用时，冠词可以有阳性和阴性的差别 (此处指生理阴阳性，不是语法阴阳性) 如le/la和uno/u360百科na两种形式, 这些都息回群际伤有其复数形式。定冠词还有个中性代词形式lo，其尤其出现在lo que这种表达中。意思为: 'that which, what'. (在这个结构中它还有个极少用的形式los.)

Nouns名词

　　名词可以通过其在句子中的各气下记月作用或意思来识别，而不是通过具体的一套结尾。名词没有语法阴阳性，尽管一些名词在自然属性上有阴阳的差别。(如果一个名词以o结尾则和很具体地表明了其雄性身份，结尾为a的则表明其单苏氢范复阶圆歌胡剧雌性身份，反之亦然。)名词没有格的形式。

　　复数形式则是在元音后加s和在辅音后加es。(为子边求华亚着宣地功段了保证发音不变，最后的c在复数的标志es之前关充巴适约村伯六销只会变成ch。)没有被同化的外语单词将保留其原来的外国复数形式。复数的形式不影响重音。

　　名词的功能基本和英语一样仅那八呼财策意显早再烧。然而需要注意的是，在英语中，名词用作形容词或当作定语用在另一个名词前的这种普遍的情况，在拉丁国际语中是不存林蒸坐刚种制事在的。(不过，正式名词用作形容词时仍然维持不修改的状态且放在其要修饰的名词之前如'Roent象卫几gen rays',radios Röntgen; 'Geiger counter(s),contator(es) Ge变想条格严iger)。

Adjective到矿裂情裂妈几沉曾自纸s形容词

　　尽管名词通常以e，c，l，n或r结尾，但这不代表结尾字母是它们就可以确凿地表明一个单词是形容词，仅能通过其在句子中的功用才能确认。

　　形容词没有转调的情况，也不会同其修饰的名词保持一致。形容词既可以在名词前也可以在名词后。用在名词后的情况更频繁。"Adjectives preceding a noun tend to suggest that what they ex孙镇飞攻饭press is an essential feature of the noun concept and not mere够员序致蛋ly a feature distinguishing the p须广音盟没角良resent represen冷革微评困北言tative of the noun concept from others." [p. 13, §33]然而，简短的形容词如bon,parve,alte, etc., 会出现在名词前边作为节律之用或个人偏好。

　　副词plus和minus(用作比较级)，以及冠词le(用作最高级)组成比较级和最高级。(参考下方的一些不规则的可互相替换的比较。)一个所谓的绝对最高级(very,most等)可以以加后缀-issime的形式表达。

　　在意思允许的情况下，形容词可以被用作名词或代词,这样的话，它们可以被复数化或添加冠词。

　　Alternative Comparisons比较级和最高级

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
parve	plus parve, minor	le plus parve, le minor, minime
small	smaller/lesser	smallest/least
magne	plus magne, major	le plus magne, le major, maxime
great	greater	greatest
bon(adj)	plus bon, melior	le plus bon, le melior, optime
ben(adv)	plus ben, melio	le plus ben, le melio, optimo
good/well	better	best
mal(adj)	plus mal, pejor	le plus mal, le pejor, pessime
mal(adv)	plus mal, pejo	le plus mal, le pejo, pessimo
bad(ly)	worse	worst

　　Adverbs副词

　　副词有原生和派生两种，并且还有副词性短语。原生副词词典条目且不需要任何语法标签，而派生于形容词的副词则由附加到整个形容词后的-mente这个后缀组成(末尾是c的话则是-amente)。副词的功用和英语的在很大程度上是一样的。

　　一些似乎从形容词非常不规则地派生过来的副词(如bon/ben)可以被看作为原生副词，因为其不充当状语，然而，规则的派生也是有可能的(如bonmente=ben)。

　　规则的副词比较级语形容词的是一样的。形容词比较级结尾为-issime的可以组成对应的以-issimo结尾的副词。

　　副词通常在它修饰的词语之前。当一个副词或一个副词性短语修饰一个从句或一个整句时，将出现在最前或最后的位置，或者被逗号分开。当一个副词(尤其是non)和一个非主体代词都在一个动词之前时，这个代词要更接近这个动词。这个副词non放在它修饰的动词之前。

　　Adverbs (except those indicating a certain determined time) usually precede the words they modify. (Longer adverbs may follow, for emphasis or style.) When an adverb or adverbial phrase modifies a clause or sentence as a whole, it appears in initial or final position or is set off by commas. When an adverb (especiallynon) and a non-subject pronoun both precede a verb, the pronoun is closer to the verb. The adverbnonprecedes the verb it modifies.

　　An和esque是疑问词，且在英语中没有对应的成分，它可以将一个简单的陈述句转变为疑问句。在一个单独文本中不应该同时使用它们两个。

Pronouns代词

　　Personal pronoun table:人称代词表:

	主语	宾语	自复动词	物主代词(形)	物主代词(名)
我	io	me		mi	mie
你	tu	te		tu	tue
他	ille	le	se	su	sue
她	illa	la	se
它	illo,il	lo	se
我们	nos	nos		nostre	nostre
你们	vos	vos		vostre	vostre
他们	illes	les	se	lor	lore
她们	illas	las	se	lor	lore
它们	illos	los	se	lor	lore,on,uno

　　[注释:第二人称单数代词tu的用法和它的形式变化。一些用户仅将其用作不带熟悉内涵的单数形式，而另一些用户则特别将其用作为熟悉的形式，且同时将vos及其变形用过单数和复数。]

　　[NOTE:usage of the second person singular pronountuand its forms varies. Some users employ it merely as a singular form without connotation of familiarity, and some users employ it particularly as a familiar form, extendingvosand its forms to both singular and plural.]

　　cuje: "whose谁的"

　　qui: "who, whom谁" 仅用于人称且仅用作主语或在前置词后边

　　que: (primarily) 关系代词

　　qual: 关系形容词(可以被le代词化且从而被复数化为:le qualandle quales)

　　(关系代词在拉丁国际语中不省略，就和英语中有时这么做一样.)

　　il: 一个不加重音的第三人称单数中立形式，用于语法性主语 (有时干脆省略)

　　ella: 一个和illa并行的的形式

　　在复数中，illes并不是必须指明一个阳性身份的复数(也可能阳性和阴性共同的复数)。

　　物主代词经常和le一起用:Illo eslemie. = It is mine.

　　自复动词结构主要用于"动词的接收者(宾语)与动词的给出者(主语)是同一个"的情况下。当没有主语时，被动语态通常也可以用自复动词结构来表达。

　　Second-case personal and reflexive pronouns (except in prepositional constructions) precede the simple tense forms of the verb but follow the participles, imperative forms, and the infinitive.

　　[Interlingua Grammarp. 25, §§67-69]

　　"在两次代词的组合中，一个人称和另一个自复，后者在前。"

　　"In a combination of two pronouns, one personal and the other reflexive, the latter precedes."

　　指示词就是可以用作代词的形容词。

　　Iste,this, is the demonstrative of proximity.Ille,that, is the demonstrative of remoteness.

Verbs动词

　　Conjugation动词变位

model:	*-ar*	*-er*	*-ir*
INFINITIVE不定式	crear	vider	audir
PRESENT PARTICIPLE现在分词	creante	vidente	audiente
PAST PARTICIPLE过去分词	create	vidite	audite
IMPERATIVE命令式	crea!	vide!	audi!
PRESENT现在时	crea	vide	audi
PAST过去时	creava	videva	audiva
PRESENT PERFECT现在完成时	ha create	ha vidite	ha audite
PAST PERFECT过去完成时	habeva create	habeva vidite	habeva audite
FUTURE将来时	creara	videra	audira
FUTURE PERFECT将来完成时	habera create	habera vidite	habera audite
CONDITIONAL条件式	crearea	viderea	audirea
CONDITIONAL PERFECT条件式完成时	haberea create	haberea vidite	haberea audite

　　在将来时中，重音落在结尾部分的a上(creara);在条件式中，重音落在结尾部分的e上(crearea)。一些用户也使用"助动词va+动词不定式"的形式来表达将来时，就像英语那样，如:va crear=creara。

　　被动语态是由"对应时态下的esser+过去分词"组成。当没有主语身份的时候，自复动词结构也可以用来表达被动语态。

　　There is no verbal auxiliary corresponding to Englishto doin interrogative, negative, and emphatic constructions, and there are no crystallized progressive forms.

　　The infinitive can be used to express general orders, prohibitions, etc.

　　以下的替换格式也是允许的:

　　es=esse(singular/plural) [is/are是]

　　son=esse(plural) [are是]

　　era=esseva [was/were曾经是]

　　sia=esse(optional irregular subjunctive or imperative) [if be如果是]

　　ha=habe [have/has有]

　　va=vade [go/goes去]

　　Apart from (the only occasionally used irregular)sia, there is no distinct subjunctive. Subjunctive or third-person imperative is often expressed by the indicative followingque.

　　The infinitive [Inf.] serves as a verbal noun in place of the English gerund.

　　Prepositions before Infinitives在不定式之前的前置词

a+ Inf.	Inf. seems to represent a goal or aim either after an adjective or a verbal construction; Inf., usually with an expressed or understoodesser, is actually passive in meaning; after nouns or adjectives relating to quantity; with transitive verbs and their direct objects
*pro*+ Inf.	in order (to); purpose
<nothing> + Inf.	when Inf. serves as a noun; Inf. depending on a transitive verb; afteril+ verb + noun/adjective where the Inf. can replaceilwith same meaning
<nothing> + Inf.	after constructions withvoler,*poter,deber,soler,lassar,vader,facer, as well asvider,audir*, and other verbs of sense perception when they have an object which is at the same time the subject of the following infinitive; afterqueandqual
de+ Inf.	neutral preposition; what the subject can do itself (adjectival construction); not as direct object of verb
Subj. (accus.) + Inf.	<make subordinate clause withque>
'of ...ing'	de+ Inf.

　　如果一个不定式可以被解释为一个名词或取得了名词的性质，则不需要使用前置词。例如，在"It is difficult to walk in the sand," 中，不定式等同于逻辑主语且起到了对主语的增强作用: "To walk in the sand is difficult," 所以没有前置词:Il es difficile vader in le arenaorVader in le arena es difficile.。

　　如果一个及物动词后边跟随着一个独立的不定式，如在"I plan to go to the countryside" (Io plana vader al campania)中，这个主意差不多可以顺利地被一个名词表达("I plan a trip to the countryside")，所以，再一次，不需要前置词。于是，前置词不作为及物动词后的独立不定式的开头。

　　(Interlingua Grammar§87, p. 31)

　　[NOTE:Because the source languages for Interlingua are not entirely consistent among themselves on the use of prepositions before infinitives, use or non-use of the prepositionsdeandabefore infinitives varies somewhat in practice among speakers and writers, as long as the intended sense is clear.]

　　Double-Stem Verbs双干动词

　　Forms derived from certain verbs come from a second or double stem, often based on the Latin supine stem.

　　In Interlingua the irregular second stem of verbs has nothing to do with matters of conjugation. It is a stem which occurs in certain derived nouns and adjectives and prevents these from assuming unnaturally distorted forms .... Furthermore, the "regular" type ... need not be considered "wrong" but may be used whenever it seems stylistically possible or preferable.

　　In active word bulding it will be found that the irregular second stem occasions few difficulties but often simplifies the process of derivation.

　　[InterlinguaGrammarpage 85, Appendix 1]

Calendar日历/时间名词

Sunday	dominica	January	januario
Monday	lunedi	February	februario
Tuesday	martedi	March	martio
Wednesday	mercuridi	April	april
Thursday	jovedi	May	maio
Friday	venerdi	June	junio
Saturday	sabbato	July	julio
		August	augusto
		September	septembre
		October	octobre
		November	novembre
		December	decembre

　　[NOTE:For avoidance of any contemporary religious connotations for name days, one occasionally encounters the non-standard, unofficial formssoldiandsaturdiforSundayandSaturday, respectively.]

Numbers数词

0 zero		[ordinals:]
1 un	10 dece	1me prime
2 duo	20 vinti/viginti	2nde secunde
3 tres	30 trenta	3tie tertie
4 quatro	40 quaranta	4te quarte
5 cinque	50 cinquanta	5te quinte
6 sex	60 sexanta	6te sexte
7 septe	70 septanta	7me septime
8 octo	80 octanta	8ve octave
9 nove	90 novanta	9ne none
		10me decime
		20me
	100 cento	100me
	1.000 mille	last: ultime

　　For other numbers, <ordinal> = <cardinal> +-esime

　　adverbial numerals: ordinal -e > -o or use-mente

　　half=medie/medietate

　　dozen=dozena

　　Other collective numerals are formed on the pattern of the suffix-ena(s)attached to the simple cardinal numbers.

cento	100
mille	1.000
million	1.000.000
milliardo	1.000.000.000
billion	1.000.000.000.000
billiardo	1.000.000.000.000.000
trillion	1.000.000.000.000.000.000
trilliardo	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quatrillion	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quatrilliardo	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quintillion	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quintilliardo	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000

　　Comma for decimal point.

　　-illion/-illiardo de <cosas>

simple	simple/simplice
double	duple/duplice
triple	triple/triplice
quadruple	quadruple
quintuple	quintuple
sixfold	sextuple
sevenfold	septuple
eightfold	octuple
ninefold	nonuple
tenfold	decuple
100fold	centuple

Grammatical Words语法词

a	to; at; (bottilia a lacte= bottle for milk)
ab	(prep) since, from
alias	otherwise, in another manner; alias; at another time
alibi	elsewhere
ali(c)-	any-, some-
alicubi	somewhere; anywhere
alicun [sometimesalcun]	some, any; a few; alicun cosa: something, anything
alicuno [sometimesalcuno]	someone, somebody; anyone, anybody
aliquando	sometime; at any time
aliquanto	somewhat, to some degree
alique	(pron) something, anything; (adv) somewhat
alora	then; in that case, consequently
alto	top; in alto: up; upwards; upstairs; on top
ambe	(adj) both; ambes: (pron) both
an	(interr part) --; an il habe le libro?: does he have the book?; (conj) whether
ancora	(adv) still, yet; (interj) encore
anque	also, too; anque io: me too; non solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
ante	(prep) before, in front of; earlier than; above; (adv) before, ahead; earlier; forward; ante que: before
ante-heri	day before yesterday
a pena	hardly, scarcely
apud	near, with, at, by
assatis	(adv) enough; rather, fairly, quite
assi	thus, so; assi ... como: as ... as
avante	before, in front, ahead; forward
basso	bottom; a basso: down, downward; in basso: down, below, downward; downstairs
bastante	(adj) enough, sufficient; (adv) enough, sufficiently
ben que	although
bis	twice; encore
cata	(adj) each; cata uno: each (one)
causa	cause; a causa de: because of
certo	certainly
circa	around, about; approximately
como	how; as, like; como si: as though, as if
comocunque	however, in whatever way
con	with, together with; by means of
concernente	concerning
contra	(prep) opposite, facing; against; (adv) opposite, facing; on the contrary
cuje	whose
-cunque	-ever
de	from, since; of, belonging to; made of; with, by means of; de (+inf): to; (bottilia de lacte= bottle [quantity] of milk)
deman	tomorrow; deman matino: tomorrow morning; deman vespere: tomorrow night
depost	(adv) afterwards, later; (prep) after, since; depost que: since, from the time that
desde	(prep) since, from
dum	while, as long as; until; provided that, if only
dunque	therefore
durante	during; durante que: while, whilst
e	and; e ... e: both ... and
ecce	lo!, see!, behold!; here is, here are
ergo	therefore, accordingly, consequently, then, ergo
esque	(interr part) esque ille ha le libro?: does he have the book?
et cetera, etc.	and so forth, and so on, et cetera, etc.
etiam	also, likewise, too; even, even yet, yet; non solmente ... sed etiam: not only ... but also
ex	out of, from
excepte	except, excepting
extra	(adv) without, on the outside; besides, in addition, extra; (prep) outside of, without, beyond; except, excepting; besides, in addition to
foras	(adv) out of doors, outside, out; from without; (prep) beyond, except; foras de: outside of, without; foras de se: beside oneself
forsan	perhaps, maybe
gratis	gratis, free of charge
haber	to have; il ha: there is, there are
heri	yesterday
hic	here; de hic a (un hora): (an hour) from now; usque (a) hic: up to here, thus far; up to now, hitherto; hic juncte: herewith
hodie	today
ibi	there
ibidem	in the same place; ibidem; ibid.; ib.
idem	the same (thing); idem; id.
igitur	(adv/conj) then, therefore, thereupon
il	(impers pron) it; il ha/habeva: there is(are)/was(were)
illa	she, her
illac	there
ille	he, it; him; that, the former
illes	they; them
illo	it
in	in, into
infra	(adv) below, underneath, beneath; (prep) below, under, beneath
insimul	together
inter	between, among
interim	meanwhile, in the meantime
intertanto	meanwhile, in the meantime
intra	(adv/prep) within
intro	inwardly, internally, on the inside, in
io	I
ipse	myself, yourself, himself, etc.; hodie ipse: this very day
iste	this, the latter
ita	thus, so; just so, yes; and so, consequently; accordingly
jam	already, at once, right away; just now, a moment ago; indeed, surely; non ... jam: no longer
jammais	ever, at any time; non ... jammais: never; jammais!: never!
justo	just, exactly; justo nunc, justo ora: just now, right now
juxta	(adv) near, near by; (prep) near, near to, next to
la	her
le	(art) the
le	(pron) him
les	them
lo	it; lo que: that which, what
loco	place; in loco de: instead of; in su loco: instead
longe	far; away, far away; de longe: from afar, from a distance
lontan	distant, far-off
lor	their
lore	their
ma	but; no solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
malgrado	in spite of
maniera	manner, way; de maniera que: so that
me	me
melio	(adv) better; tanto melio: so much the better
melior	(adj) better; le melior: the best
mesme	same; myself, yourself, himself, etc. (as in "the king himself")
mesmo	likewise; even; hodie memso: this very day; ora mesmo: right now
mi	my
mie	mine
minus	less; minus; a minus que: unless; al minus: at least; totos minus ille: all but him; le minus: the least
multo	very; much
nam	for
nemo	no one, nobody
ni	neither, no, also not
nihil, nil	nothing
nimie	(adj) too much, too many
nimis	(adv) too, too much
no	(adv) no
non	not; no; si non: if not; except; unless it be
nondum	not yet
nonne	(interr part) is it not?; il es ver, nonne?: it is true, isn't it?
nonobstante	(prep) despite, in spite of; (adv) nevertheless
nos	us, we
nostre	our, ours
nulle	(adj) not any, no; null, worthless, without legal force
nullemente	in no way, not at all
nunc	now
nunquam	never
nusquam	nowhere
o	or; o ... o: either ... or
olim	once, formerly; at a future time, sometime (in the future)
omne	(adj) all; each, every; de omne mano: from every hand; de omne latere: from every side; in omne caso: in any case; omne cosa: everything; omnes: (pron) all
on	one
ora	now
parte	part; a parte: apart, aside; in parte: in part; del parte de: on the part of; de parte a parte: through and through; in nulle parte: nowhere
passato	ago
pauc	(adj) little, not much; few; un pauc (de): a little; pauc a pauc: little by little; in pauc: shortly, before long
pauco	(adv) little
per	through; during, throughout; by, through, by means of; per
perque	(adv/conj) why; because
plus	more; plus; le plus: the most; de plus: furthermore, besides; de plus in plus: more and more; in plus: furthermore, in addition, also; al plus: at best; plus o minus: more or less; non ... plus: no more; no longer
pois	(adv) afterwards, thereafter; (conj) for; pois que: since, as, because
post	(adv) behind, back, backwards; afterwards, after; (prep) behind; after; post que: since, because
postea	afterwards, thereafter
postquam	(conj) after; as soon as
potius	rather, sooner
presso	(adv/prep) near, close; a presso de: at the home of; in care of; with, among
presto	presto, quickly, quick as a wink
preter	(adv) past, beyond; (prep) past, along, alongside of; beyond; except, excepting; in addition to
pridem	long ago
pro	for, in favor of; in exchange for, in place of; pro (+inf): (in order) to
proque	(adv/conj) why; because
qual	which; what; le qual: which; that; who
qualcunque	any, whatever
quando	(adv/conj) when
quandocunque	whenever
quante	(adj) how much, how many
quanto	(adv) as much as; as far as; quanto ... tanto: the ... the; quanto a: as for
quare	wherefore, why
quasi	almost, nearly; in a certain sense, in a way; quasi que: as if
que	(interr pron) what; (rel pron) who, whom, which, that
que	(conj) 1. that; 2. than
qui	who, whom; de qui: whose
quia	because, for
quicunque	whoever, whomever, whosoever
quo	(adv) whither, where; wherefore; (conj) so that, in order that
re	about, concerning
retro	back, backwards; ago; a retro: backwards
salvo	save, but, but for; salvo que: save that, but that
satis	enough; rather, somewhat; esser satis: to be enough; haber satis: to have enough; satis de (tempore, etc.): enough (time, etc.)
se	(refl pron) himself; herself; itself; themselves
secundo	(prep) (following) after; along, by; according to; secundo que: according as
sed	but
semper	always
si	(adv) thus, so; yes; si ... como: as ... as
si	(conj) if; whether; si non: if not; except, unless it be
sia	be, may be, let there be; sia ... sia: be (it) ... or be (it); whether ... or; qual que sia: whatever, whatsoever
sin	(prep) without
sol	(adj) sole, alone, only; viver sol: to live alone; sentir se sol: to feel lonesome, lonely
solo	(adv) only, merely; non solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
su	his, her, its
sub	(prep) under, below, beneath
subinde	immediately after, just after, forthwith; repeatedly, frequently, often, from time to time
subito	suddenly, unexpectedly
subtus	(adv) below, beneath, underneath
sue	his, hers, its
super	(prep) on, upon; on top of; over, above; about, concerning, on; (adv) above, on top; super toto: above all
supra	(prep) above, over; (adv) on the top, above
sur	on, upon; on top of
tal	such, such a; tal e tal: such and such
talmente	(adv) so; un libro talmente belle: so beautiful a book, such a beautiful book
tamen	yet, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding
tante	(adj) so much, so many; tante per cento: so much per hundred, percentage; tante ... como: as much, as many ... as
tanto	(adv) so, so much; tanto ... como: as much ... as; in tanto que: inasmuch as; tanto plus ... que: all the more ... that; quanto ... tanto: the ... the
tarde	(adv) late; plus tarde: later; later on; al plus tarde: at the latest
te	you, thee; yourself, thyself
tosto	presently, soon, promptly; plus tosto: rather, sooner; si tosto que: as soon as
tote	(adj) all; every, each; tote le (homines): all (men); totos: all, everyone; de tote (le) corde: wholeheartedly; tote (le) duo: both
totevia	yet, still, nevertheless
toto	(n) all, everything; le toto: the whole; super toto: above all; ante toto: before all; post toto: after all; del toto: at all; in toto: entirely, wholely, in toto
toto	(adv) all, quite, wholely
trans	across, over, beyond, on the farther side of
troppo	too, too much; troppo (de) (libros, etc.): too many (books, etc.); troppo (de) (aqua, etc.): too much (water, etc.); de troppo: superfluous, in the way, de trop
tu	your, thy
tue	yours, thine
tunc	then
ubi	(adv) where; (conj) where; when; as soon as; wherewith; in which; a ubi: where, whither; de ubi: from where, whence
ubicunque	wherever
ubique	everywhere; anywhere, wheresoever, wherever
ultra	(adv) on the other side, beyond, farther; (prep) on the farther side of; beyond, past; besides; ultra illo: besides, moreover; ultra que: aside from the fact that
un	a, an; le un le altere: one another, each other; le unes les alteres: one another, each other
uno	(indef pron) one
unquam	ever, at any time
usquam	somewhere
usque	(prep) (all the way up) to, up to; till, until; usque nunc: up to now
verso	towards, to
via	(adv) away; off; via!: go away!, begone!; (prep) by way of, via
vice	(n) turn, stead; time (as in "three times"); alicun vices: sometimes; un vice: once; on one occasion; formerly; un vice que: once, once that; in vice de: instead of; a vices: at times; altere vice: a second time; plure vices: several times, repeatedly
viste	considering; viste que: considering that
vix	adv1. with difficulty; 2. hardly, scarcely, barely
voluntarie	willingly, readily, gladly, with pleasure
vos	you; yourself, yourselves
vostre	your, yours
ya	(adv) indeed, certainly, of course; ya (io lo crede): (I) do (believe it)

Word Building构词

　　Nouns derived from Nouns名词派生名词

-ada	1. 'product made from ...'; 2. 'series of ...'
-age	(pronun. -aje) 'collection of ...' (NOTE:-agi- before -a- or -o- of additional suffix)
-alia	'worthless collection of ...'
-ano	1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ....'; 2. 'language of ...'; 3. 'adherent or follower of ...' (fem. -ana in senses 1,3) (NOTE:used with names of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant -iano is to be preferred.)
-ario	I. 'person concerned with or characterized by ...'; II. 1. 'collection of ...'; 2. 'place containing ...'
-astro	1. 'inferior or worthless ...'; 2. 'related through remarriage of a parent' (fem. -astra)
-ata	'contents of or quantity contained in one ...'
-ato	'function, status, rank, jurisdiction, period of office, or territory of a ...'
-eria	(pronun. -ería) 1. 'place where ... is made, worked, kept, or sold'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or practice of working with ...'; 3. 'behavior of a ... or like that of a ...'
-ero	'one who works with or deals in ...'
-ese	1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ...'; 2. 'language of ...'
-essa	1. 'female ...'; 2. 'wife of a ...'
-eto	'grove of ... trees'
-etto, -etta	'little, small, or minor ...'
-ia	(pronun. -'ia) 'country, province, or region of the ...s, or named for' (NOTE:used with names of peoples and persons.)
-ia	(pronun. -ía) 1. 'state, quality, status, or jurisdiction of (a, an) ...' 2. 'art, science, or practice, also profession, establishment, etc. of (a, an) ...' (NOTE:used mostly with compounds.)
-ica	'science or study of the ...'
-ico	'one skilled in the art or science of ...'
-iera	1. 'that which contains, covers, or protects ...'; 2. 'field, mine, quarry, etc. where ... grows or is found'
-iero	'tree, bush, plant, etc. bearing or producing ...'
-il	'place where ...s are kept' (NOTE:used with names of animals.)
-ina	'substance made from, characterizing, related to, etc. ...' (NOTE:used mostly as technical [chemical] suffix.)
-ismo	1. 'state or practice of being a ...'; 2. [Med.] ' abnormal condition resulting from excess of ...'; 3. 'doctrine or practice of, or concerned with ...'; 4. 'something characteristic of ..., or of the language of ...'
-ista	1. 'one who practices the art or science of ...'; 2. 'adherent of the doctrine of...'
-ita	1. 'inhabitant, citizen, or native of ...'; 2. 'member, adherent, or partisan of ...'
-ite	'rock or other mineral containing ..., resembling ..., characterized by ..., related to ...' (NOTE:used mostly in technical [mineralogical] terms.)
-itis	'inflammatory disease of the ...' (NOTE:used with names of parts of the body, chiefly in technical [medical] terms.)
-oide	'something like, or shaped like ...'
-osis	'abnormal or diseased condition, state, or process of the ..., caused by ..., characterized by ..., etc.' (NOTE:used chiefly in technical [medical] words.)

　　Adjectives derived from Nouns名词派生形容词

-al	'pertaining to ..., characteristic of ..., etc.'
-an	'pertaining to ...'; esp. 'native of ...' (NOTE:used with names of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant-ianis to be preferred.)
-ari	'pertaining to ..., consisting of ..., etc.'
-ate	'having a ... or ...s'
-esc	1. 'like, similar to, or characteristic of a ...'; 2. 'in the manner or style of ...'
-ese	'pertaining to'; esp. 'native to ..., of ...' (NOTE:used with names of places.)
-ic	'of, pertaining to ..., characterized by ...'
-ifere	'bearing, producing, yielding'
-ific	'making, causing ...'
-in	'of, pertaining to, etc., ...' (NOTE:used particularly with names of animals.)
-ista	pertaining to ...ism or ...ists' (NOTE:not distinct from nouns in apposition.)
-oide	'like ..., shaped like ...' (NOTE:used chiefly in technical term.)
-ose	'having, abounding in ..., characterized by' (NOTE:-ion plus -ose > -iose.)
-otic	'pertaining to ...osis'

　　Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives名词和形容词派生动词

-ar	1. 'to make use of ....; to apply, give, etc. ...'; 2. 'to render ..., to make ..., etc.'
-ificar	'to make, render ...; to convert into ...'
-isar	1. 'to make into ...'; 2. 'to apply ...; to make use (of the principles) of ..., etc.'; 3. 'to render ..., to make'

　　Nouns derived from Adjectives形容词派生名词

-essa	'state or quality of being ...'
-ia	(pronun. -'ia) 'state or quality of being ...' (NOTE:used chiefly with adjectives in -nte.)
-ia	(pronun. -ía) 'state or quality of being ...' (NOTE:used chiefly with technical compounds.)
-ismo	1. 'state or quality of being ...'; 2. 'doctrine or practice concerned with what is ...'; 3. 'something characteristic of the ... people or of their language'
-ista	'adherent of the doctrine or practice concerned with what is ...'
-itate	'state or quality of being ...' (NOTE:synonym of -itude, but preferred when the base is already a derivative.)
-itude	'state or quality of being ...'

　　Adjectives derived from Adjectives形容词派生形容词

　　-ette

　　'somewhat ...; pretty ...'

　　Derivations from Verbs动词的派生

-ada	(n) 'continued or prolonged action of ...ing'
-age	(n) 'action or process of ...ing'
-eria	(n) 1. 'place where ... is done'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or practice of ...ing; also: the product of such work'
-amento (-ar), -imento (-er, -ir)	(n) 'action or result of ...ing'
-ante (-ar), -ente (-er), iente (-ir)	(adj) '...ing, that ...s' (NOTE:identical with present participle.)
-ante (-ar), -ente (-er), -iente (-ir)	(n) 'one who or that which is ...ing or ...s'
-antia (-ar), -entia (-er), -ientia (-ir)	(n) 'state or quality of ...ing'
-abile (-ar), -ibile (-er, -ir)	(adj) 'that can be ...ed; that is worthy to be ...ed'
-ation (-ar), -ition (-er, -ir)	(n) 'action or result of ...ing'
-ative (-ar), -itive (-er, -ir)	(adj) 1. 'tending to ...'; 2. 'having the function of ...ing'
-ator (-ar), -itor (-er, -ir)	(n) 'one who, or that which ...s'
-atori (-ar), -itori (-er, -ir)	(adj) 'pertaining to, or serving for, the action of ...ing'
-atorio (-ar), -itorio (-er, -ir)	(n) 'place where, installation or instrument with which ...ing is done'
-atrice (-ar), -itrice (-er, -ir)	(n) 'a woman who ...s'
-atura (-ar), itura (-er, -ir)	(n) 'action or result of ...ing'
-ate (-ar), -ite (-er, -ir)	(adj) 1. '...ed, being ...ed'; 2. '...ed, having ...ed (NOTE:identical with the past participle.)

　　General Prefixes通用前缀

ad-	(v) 'to, toward, into' (NOTE:by extension, 'change into, increase of intensity, etc.'.)
ante-	(n, adj, v) 'preceding in time or space'
anti-	(n, adj) opposed to, against; opposite' (NOTE:ant- before 'h' and vowels.)
auto-	(n, adj) 'self' (NOTE:aut- before vowels.)
circum-	(adj, v) 'about, around'
co-	(n, adj) 'joint, fellow'
con-	(n, adj, v) 'with, together, jointly, mutually' (NOTE:'n-' mutates under certain conditions.)
contra-	(n, v) 'against, opposing; counter or contrary to'
dis-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'apart, separately; divided, scattered'; 2. 'not ..., contrary or opposite of'
ex-	(n) 'former'
extra-	1. (n, adj, v) 'outside; outside the scope of'; 2. (adj) 'highly, unusually, very'
gran-	(in names of kinship) 'grand-, great-' (NOTE:for further reduplication, the prefix 'pro-' is available.)
in-	I. (v) 'in, into'; II. (n, adj) 'not ...; lacking; lack of' (NOTE:'n-' mutates under certain conditions.)
inter-	(n, adj, v) 'between, among'
intra-	(adj) 'inside, within'
intro-	(v) 'inwards, to the inside'
mis-	(v) 'badly, wrongly'
non-	(n, adj) 'not ..., lack or absence of'
per-	(v) 1. 'through, throughout'; 2. 'thoroughly, extremely, very'
post-	(n, adj, v) 'behind, after in time, location, or order'
pre-	(n, adj, v) 'before in time, position, or rank'
pro-	1. (n, adj) 'in favor of, on the side of'; 2. (v) 'forward, forth'
re-	(v) 1. 'back, backwards'; 2. 'again'
retro-	(v) 'back, backwards'
sub-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'under, underneath'; 2. 'subordinate; subdivision of'; 3. 'slightly, slight' (NOTE:'b-' mutates under certain conditions.)
super-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'over, above'; 2. 'very; excessively, too much'
trans-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'beyond, across; surpassing' 2. 'though, across'
ultra-	(n, adj, v) 'beyond'
vice-	(n) 'one who takes the place of'

　　Technical Prefixes (modifying nouns and adjectives)

a-	'not ...; without ...; lacking ...' (NOTE:an- before 'h' and vowels.)
amphi-	1. 'both, on both sides'; 2, 'around, about'
ana-	'again'
apo-	1. 'off, away'; 2. [Chem.] 'formed from, related to'
cata-	1. 'down, downwards'; 2. 'against, reflected' (NOTE:cat- before 'h' and vowels.)
dia-	1. 'through'; 2. 'away, apart' (NOTE:di- before vowels.)
dys-	'bad, badly, not well'
ecto-	'outside, external' (NOTE:ect- before vowels.)
en-	'in, into' (NOTE:em- before, 'b', 'm', 'p', 'ph'.)
endo-	'within' (NOTE:end- before vowels.)
ento-	'within, inside' (NOTE:ent- before vowels.)
epi-	'on, upon' (NOTE:ep- before 'h' and vowels.)
exo-	'without, outside' (NOTE:ex- before vowels.)
hyper-	'over; beyond; too much'
hypo-	1. 'below, beneath, under'; 2. 'to a lower degree; somewhat'; 3. [Chem.] 'indicating a lower state of oxidation, or a lower position in a series of compounds'
meta-	1. 'behind'; 2. 'beyond, transcending, higher'; 3. 'after, subsequent to' (NOTE:met- before 'h' and vowels.)
para-	1. ' besides, alongside'; 2. 'amiss, faulty, wrong'; 3. 'resembling; modification of' (NOTE:par- before 'h' and vowels.)
peri-	'around, about'
syn-	'with, together; alike' (NOTE:syl- before 'l'; sym- before 'b', 'm', 'p', and 'ph'.)

　　(NOTE:the Interlingua Grammar, pp.78ff [§161], lists a number of affixes, many derived from Greek (a few from Latin), which may also be used in word building and which are similar to their use in English and many of the west European languages, especially in technical and scientific compounds.)